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Down syndrome (DS or DNS) or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this varies widely.〔 Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing, or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing. Since the introduction of screening, pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated.〔〔 Regular screening for health problems common in Down syndrome is recommended throughout the person's life. Education and proper care have been shown to improve quality of life. Some children with Down syndrome are educated in typical school classes, while others require more specialized education.〔 Some individuals with Down syndrome graduate from high school and a few attend post-secondary education.〔 In adulthood, about 20% in the United States do paid work in some capacity〔 with many requiring a sheltered work environment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher = National Association for Down Syndrome )〕 Support in financial and legal matters is often needed.〔 Life expectancy is around 50 to 60 years in the developed world with proper health care.〔〔 Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans,〔 occurring in about one per 1000 babies born each year.〔 In 2013 it resulted in 36,000 deaths down from 43,000 deaths in 1990. It is named after John Langdon Down, the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866.〔 Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Édouard Séguin in 1844. The genetic cause of Down syndrome—an extra copy of chromosome 21—was identified by French researchers in 1959.〔 ==Signs and symptoms== Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults, their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8- or 9-year-old.〔 They also typically have poor immune function〔 and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age.〔 They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, including congenital heart disease, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, and mental disorders, among others.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「down syndrome」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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